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retrieves objects the instances of our classes to and from the database, relieving us of this low-level drudgery. Because the data access tasks are often so tedious, we have to ask: Are the relational data model and (especially) SQL the right choices for persistence in objectoriented applications We answer this question immediately: Yes! There are many reasons why SQL databases dominate the computing industry relational database management systems are the only proven data management technology, and they re almost always a requirement in any Java project. However, for the last 15 years, developers have spoken of a paradigm mismatch. This mismatch explains why so much effort is expended on persistence-related concerns in every enterprise project. The paradigms referred to are object modeling and relational modeling, or perhaps object-oriented programming and SQL. Let s begin our exploration of the mismatch problem by asking what persistence means in the context of object-oriented application development. First we ll widen the simplistic definition of persistence stated at the beginning of this section to a broader, more mature understanding of what is involved in maintaining and using persistent data.

To prevent all users from reconnecting, stop sharing the folder. To prevent only one user from re-establishing a connection, change the permissions for the folder so that the user no longer has access, and then disconnect the user from the shared folder.

Questions and Answers 17-25

In an object-oriented application, persistence allows an object to outlive the process that created it. The state of the object can be stored to disk, and an object with the same state can be re-created at some point in the future. This isn t limited to single objects entire networks of interconnected objects can be made persistent and later re-created in a new process. Most objects aren t persistent; a transient object has a limited lifetime that is bounded by the life of the process that instantiated it. Almost all Java applications contain a mix of persistent and transient objects; hence, we need a subsystem that manages our persistent data. Modern relational databases provide a structured representation of persistent data, enabling the manipulating, sorting, searching, and aggregating of data. Database management systems are responsible for managing concurrency and data integrity; they re responsible for sharing data between multiple users and multiple applications. They guarantee the integrity of the data through integrity rules that have been implemented with constraints. A database management system provides data-level security. When we discuss persistence in this book, we re thinking of all these things:

Page 17-19

Ray is under the impression that 10 people can connect to the Brochures folder at a time. Actually, up to 10 people can connect to Ray s computer at a time, which includes connections to all shared folders (or printers) on the computer.

Storage, organization, and retrieval of structured data Concurrency and data integrity Data sharing

2. Ray wants to be able to determine how many users are connecting to the Brochures folder at any given time. How could he do this What requirements must he meet

Ray can use the Shares folder in the Computer Management window to determine the status of any shared folder on his computer, including the number of connections currently being made to the folder. To manage shared folders through Computer Management, Ray must be a member of the Administrators or Power Users local groups.

And, in particular, we re thinking of these problems in the context of an objectoriented application that uses a domain model An application with a domain model doesn t work directly with the tabular representation of the business entities; the application has its own object-oriented model of the business entities If the database of an online auction system has ITEM and BID tables, for example, the Java application defines Item and Bid classes Then, instead of directly working with the rows and columns of an SQL result set, the business logic interacts with this object-oriented domain model and its runtime realization as a network of interconnected objects Each instance of a Bid has a reference to an auction Item, and each Item may have a collection of references to Bid instances.

3. Ray also wants to be able to determine which users are connected to his computer. How could he do this

Ray should use the Sessions folder in the Computer Management window, which shows all open connections to his computer.